How to Read Roman Numerals
Master the ancient art of reading Roman numerals with our comprehensive step-by-step guide. From basic symbols to complex numbers, learn everything you need to know in just 15 minutes.
Start by memorizing the seven basic Roman numeral symbols and their values: I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500), M (1000). These are the building blocks of all Roman numerals.
When a smaller numeral appears after a larger one, add the values together. For example: VI = V + I = 5 + 1 = 6, or XIII = X + I + I + I = 10 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 13.
When a smaller numeral appears before a larger one, subtract the smaller from the larger. For example: IV = V - I = 5 - 1 = 4, or IX = X - I = 10 - 1 = 9.
Memorize the six standard subtractive combinations: IV (4), IX (9), XL (40), XC (90), CD (400), and CM (900). These are the only valid subtractive forms.
Start with simple numbers and work your way up. Practice with common examples like XIV (14), XLII (42), MCMLIV (1954), and MMXXIV (2024).
Read from left to right, identifying symbols and applying addition/subtraction rules. Break complex numbers into recognizable chunks like MCM (1900) + L (50) + IV (4) = 1954.
Practice Examples
Test your understanding with these common Roman numerals
Ready to Practice?
Use our free Roman numeral converter to practice reading and converting numbers. Test your skills with real-time feedback and validation.